04 |THE MOVEMENTS

Introduction

• As I explained in the previous chapter, only the units _n-s and _n-s have the privilege to move and to change their locations in their respective atomic space _n. It is sufficient to deal with the movements of the matters ₊₁ and of the living units ₊₁ in the space of our solar system atom ₊₁. In the other atomic units of the microcosm and macrocosm, the movements are identical, only the indexes at the bottom of the letters change.

• The science of Physics deals with the movements of ₊₁-s in the chapters of kinematics and dynamics. The movement problem gets a new interesting perspective when we introduce the free atoms and the living units ₊₁.

• Let us repeat that a ₊₁ means an inanimate matter, and its smallest elementary unit is a molecule. A ₊₁ can not start to move without the help of a force. We should consider the following five kinds of forces.
  1. Force created by the muscles of a ₊₁

  2. Force created by the free atoms ₀⁰

  3. Force created by the free atoms _-1⁰

  4. Force created by the free atoms _-2⁰

  5. Force created by heat expansions which are governed by the temperature organ ₀^a

• According to the Living Atom Theory, all those forces are really created by living muscles.

• In this chapter, I would like to explain the actions of those forces with the help of some typical examples, and to deal with another special kind of force created by the movement itself.

Action of Forces Created by the Muscles ₊₁

• Figure 04-01 (A) shows a person hammering a nail. The force which moves the hammer is furnished by a ₊₁ muscle. In the previous chapter, I already explained that the ₊₁ muscle is "drawing" its power from a quasi infinite source of the microcosm.

• Figure 04-01 (B) shows an element of the fixed nail and an element of the moving hammer. The real dimensions are enlarged about 10⁶ times. Then, a molecule, which is about 10^-6 millimetre, can be represented as a globe with 1 millimetre in diameter. The distance between molecules is about 2 to 3 times the molecule's diameter. Thus, even in a rigid body, the molecules are embedded in an elastic medium of ₀⁰ free atoms.

  

• The picture of the gas-molecules in the air is similar, only we should remember that, in gases, the distance between molecules is ~100 times bigger. Furthermore, in rigid substances, a very complex _-1⁰ created loop system is tying the molecules together. The variety of those tying loops is awesome, and they determine the rigidity or the elasticity of the substance.

• When the hammer is moving in a horizontal direction, each molecule is quasi "swimming" throughout the ₀⁰ medium without any resistance. This situation is explained in Figure 04-02. A certain ₀⁰ free atom at the left of the molecule will slightly be displaced, but once the molecule passed to the left, the ₀⁰ will return to its original position. The ₀⁰ will slightly be squeezed, and the resulting additional pressure is equally transferred all around the molecule by the elastic _-1⁰ medium. Furthermore, if we draw the gravitational band lines, then we can see that the horizontal _h forces are always equilibrated. Thus, there is no resistance to a horizontal molecular movement in a pure ₀⁰ medium. However, the vertical _v gravitational force acts continually. (Such a unique intelligent medium can only be explained with the living ₀⁰ free atoms!)

  

• Let us repeat the general principle. When a substance ₊₁ or a living unit ₊₁ is moving, only the molecules are changing their location. The ₀⁰ medium between the molecules rest fixed in the space. It is like an imagined screen moving in a perfect vacuum.

• In Figure 04-03, I enlarged even more an element of the rigid nail and of the moving hammer. Here, the real dimensions are enlarged about 2 x 10⁷ times. Thus, we can analyse the impact of the hammer, like a strong collision between the molecules.

  

  Remark: Dealing with a substance of iron, the chemical science does not give a precise description of the molecules. A substance of iron is certainly composed of a huge variety of molecules. After the scientific definition, the molecule is the smallest unit of a compound usually composed of two or more atoms. We should slightly modify this definition by saying: A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance which is completely surrounded by ₀⁰ free atoms. It can be composed of one or several ₀ heavy atoms. It is important to realise that inside the molecule, there are only three kinds of units.

  1. The sun (or the suns) of the ₀ atoms.

  2. The planetary units ₀.

  3. The gravitational medium composed of free atoms _-1⁰.

• When the hammer strikes, there is a relatively strong collision between a lot of molecules. The impact of the collision is taken by a natural "bumper" system composed of ₀-s and _-1⁰-s. A lot of those free atoms are seriously squeezed.

The Sound

• Squeezing the ₀⁰-s creates an interesting vibrating phenomenon in our living space where the ₀⁰ free atoms are in big majority. In this ₀⁰ type vibration, even some molecules are involved. This means that ₊₁ masses are moving in our space with real velocities. The vibrating movement propagates like a wave in fluids. With the frequency value of the vibration and the speed of propagation, we can calculate the wavelength of the motion.

• Our hearing system is tuned to evaluate the frequency value and the strength of those vibrations. If the sound emitting station moves in the space, then we can sometimes observe the change of frequency (Doppler effect).

• It is important to realise the basic difference between sound waves and light or radio emissions. The phenomena erroneously called "electromagnetic waves" do not have wavelengths, but only frequencies. Such terms as "microwave" or "micro-onde" are just proving the confusion of modern science.

• The squeezing of the _-1⁰ free atoms has four kinds of different effects inside the ₀ atoms of the molecules.
  1. The vibration of the _-1⁰ medium is perceived by the receiver station of the ₀^a organ, which means a rise in temperature. It is very naive to say that the kinetic energy of the hammer is transformed into heat energy. We can demonstrate with numerous experiments that, during such a hammering process, the balance of energies does not work at all.

     In the phenomenon which we call "friction", the squeezing of _-1⁰-s is similar, and heat is created. By rubbing the surface of a body, some molecules are always colliding, and they create the so-called "resistance of friction". Sometimes, even ₀⁰ units are squeezed, and sound is created indeed. The friction problem is perfectly explained with the help of ₀⁰-s and _-1⁰-s.

  2. The strong collision of molecules can affect those _-1⁰-s which form the _-1 polarisation loops inside the ₀-s. In other words, the electric tension of a substance can be changed. Different substances react differently. We know the interesting effect by rubbing substances like glass, ebonite, amber, silk, etc. Another typical example is the collision of water vapour molecules in the clouds, resulting in thunderstorms.

  3. Squeezing the _-1⁰ units can affect even those _-1 loops, which are tying the molecules of a rigid body together. In different substances, those tying loops have different characteristics. When we hammer a malleable substance (like lead), the molecular structure of the body can essentially be changed. Such a hammering action is challenging the well-known Law of Energy Conservation. The kinetic energy of the hammer is quasi completely lost!! Once more, we can prove that the energy entity does not exist in Nature. We just can measure the work done by the living atoms with the help of the human-invented measuring unit called energy.

  4. The squeezing of the _-1⁰ free atom has another interesting effect, but only in substances like iron or steel which are called "ferromagnetic materials". It is a well-known fact that a strong mechanical shock changes the magnetic pattern of a ferromagnetic substance because those patterns are composed of _-1⁰-s, too. The Living Atom Theory explains the ferromagnetism as a perfect natural form of a human-invented "gadget" called solenoid. The discharging tubes inside a ferromagnetic substance are located similarly to the coils of a solenoid. Such a pattern can be more or less stable depending on the molecular structure of the steel.

     Remark: In the history of science, the French physicist Ampère introduced a ferromagnetic theory with a multitude of tiny closed electric current loops inside the body. Obviously, such a system can not work with an industrial type electric "current", where interatomic vibrations and heat productions are involved. With Nature-created stable discharging tube patterns, the ferromagnetic mystery is solved!

• In the modern Physics, our brains are charged with such things as "whirling electrons", "magnetic domains", "stored energies", etc. This is one of the most ridiculous scientific confusions.

Action of the ₀⁰ Created Forces

• Each time the gravitation works, ₀⁰ created forces are involved. Thus, rivers are flowing, rain is falling, hydroelectric stations are working, tides are rising, planets are revolving in their orbits, etc. The ₀⁰ created forces act individually on each ₊₁ molecule. I explained most of those problems in the previous chapters.

• An especially interesting ₀⁰ action is explained in Figure 04-04. It shows the gravitational band lines around two molecules with a very short distance between them. Let us remember that those lines are composed of the living gyroscopes of the ₀⁰-s, and they can be represented by a short arrow like ⁰.

  

• They are acting like stretched elastic bands. With such a short distance between molecules, there is a strong tendency to form a special kind of band line which covers both molecules. Then, two little forces are pushing the molecules together. Such forces are acting even if we replace the molecules with heavy metal spheres.

• In 1798, the English physicist Sir Henry Cavendish measured those forces with his famous balance. It was an interesting experiment but, unfortunately, it induced a gross error in natural sciences. It was obstinately assumed that the gravitation is a pulling force between masses. The tide phenomenon clearly demonstrates that the gravitation is always a push. If we would try to measure the horizontal gravitational pull between two bodies with 100 metre distance between them, then we would admit the nonsense of the gravitational pull. The Cavendish balance works only with very short distances between the masses.

• The result of the Cavendish experiment was used to calculate the mass and the density of the earth and other planets. Such figures can be used as interesting topics of conversation in some scientific circles. For me, this is just an audacious generalisation of the confused science. Never, nobody could measure the real average density and the mass value of the earth!

Action of the _-1⁰ Created Forces

• All magnetic forces are created by the stabilising patterns of the unstable outside type _-1⁰-s. Action of those forces is used to rotate the electric motors, and to move all kinds of magnetic devices. As a typical example, I will explain the Nature-created electric motor which rotates our ₊₁ planet, as shown in Figure 04-05.

  

• The earth is a huge permanent magnet. Inside it, I represented the special "solenoid" type discharging tube pattern. This natural solenoid creates the _-1 loops which we can observe with the help of compasses. The sketch shows another natural discharging tube pattern which crosses the ^-1 loops of the earth. They are patterns fixed in the space. They represent the "stator" part of the planet's electric motor.

  Remark: The magnetic patterns which rotate the earth are located in the very high altitude called ionosphere (between 50 and 100 kilometre over the sea level). In the lower atmosphere, the patterns are different. They are pushing the air molecules, and obliging them to follow the globe's rotation. We can observe some of those discharging tubes. They are erroneously called "cosmic rays".

• At this point, it is useful to draw some side-views of the earth's rotating device, shown in Figure 04-06. In Figure 04-06 (A), we can see the interacting ^-1-s. The magnetic "field" of the earth is distorted. The ^-1-s have the tendency to concentrate at the right of the picture because of the more stable position. In Figure 04-06 (B), I replaced the bunch of ^-1-s with a single line which I call "Magnetic band line". (We should remember that I used the term "Gravitational band line" when dealing with gravitational forces.)

  

• The magnetic band line is like a stretched elastic band. It creates force and reaction force _r at point in Figure 04-06 (B). This line is tied to the rotating globe. When it straightens out, it furnishes the necessary torque to rotate the globe. This means that the magnetic band line changes its location, and rotates with the globe. However, the elementary units, which create the band lines, do not move at all. There are plenty of _-1⁰-s in each microscopic place of the space to form the continuously changing magnetic band lines.

• We can make the following general statement. The space, composed of ₀⁰-s and _-1⁰-s is an amazing intelligent medium. It can furnish the necessary forces to move the ₊₁-s and ₊₁-s without changing the locations of the ₀⁰-s and _-1⁰-s.

  Remark: In the electric technology, they often use the term "rotating magnetic field". The concept of "field" is obscure in Physics. Dealing with really existing _-1⁰ units, it is much more precise to say that the magnetic band lines are rotating.

• The picture of Figure 04-06 can also be used to explain the basic principle of the electric motors. This time, the discharging tubes are created by an electric conductor and by an artificial industrial discharge (current?). Generally, the conductor is moving, which means that the force is doing the job instead of the reaction force _r. The _-1 loops are created by a strong magnet which is the "stator" part of the electric motor. I would like to mention that such an arrangement and the idea of distorted magnetic field was introduced the first time by the English physicist Michael Faraday in 1821.

Action of the _-2⁰ Created Forces

• The _-2⁰-s are responsible for all those forces which are called "electrostatic forces" in Physics. Furthermore, the interacting _-2 loops are furnishing the forces which oblige the subatomic ₀ particles to move and create the phenomenon called "radiation". The _-2⁰ is very active inside the heavy atom _-1, too. But here, I would rather focus on those phenomena which can directly be observed by a ₊₁ living unit.

• When a _-2 creates a force, there is always a reaction force, too (generally on the opposite side of the loop). This principle is valid for the whole series of loops

  _-n, ..., _-1, ₀, ₊₁, ..., _+n

• One of the most important natural law is that a force can not exist without a reaction force!

• The confused science of Physics deals with some unreal forces. They are called "fundamental forces". With the help of such fundamental forces, a scientific "phantom" called "electric charge" was introduced. The basic equation is

  = x (₁ x ₂ / ²)

  where ₁ and ₂ are electric charges, is the distance between them, and is a constant. In Physics, the three fundamental forces are introduced by similar equations in spite of the fact that there are huge differences among them.

• The electric charge must be concentrated on one point. Otherwise, the distance has no sense at all. This means that, for real bodies, this equation does not work.

• A clear and simple explanation of the electrostatic forces can be done only with the help of the deviated ₀ planetary unit axis. The direction of the ₀ axis is represented by the sign . In positions like or , real forces, created by _-1 and _-2 loops, are tying those -s together. Two bodies with different polarisations are represented in Figure 04-07. Then, there is a pulling force realised by _-2 loops between the surface elements ₁ and ₂.

  

• When the distance between the two bodies diminishes, the -s have the tendency to take a position, as shown in Figure 04-08. Such a position increases the possibility of discharge. This means that a polarised body can influence the polarisation of another body.

  

  Remark: Nature has a lot of "tricks" to facilitate the discharge of dangerous electric tensions. This simple principle explains several electrostatic phenomena. A high and constant electric tension can not be kept forever. Nature's mechanism discharges it sooner or later.

• We can see that the electrostatic pull is an action preferred by Nature. Not so with the electrostatic push. Figure 04-09 shows two bodies with similar polarisations. This position of the -s is the most favourable for an eventual discharge. It can be a slight pushing force between the two surface elements ₃ and ₄, but this force is much less than the electrostatic pull. The equation with ₁ and ₂ electric charges assumes equal pulling and pushing forces. This is one more reason why such an equation has no sense at all.

  

• The electrostatic forces are generally acting on the outside surfaces of bodies (or molecules). This is especially true for good conducting substances (like metals).

• For insulating materials (like rubber, glass, etc.), the situation is different. Huge is the variety of those polarisations inside the insulators, but they can always be explained with the help of the deviated -s, the _-1 polarisation loops and the _-2 loops. Those three elements explain all the phenomena in connection with electrostatics. We should definitely eliminate the phantom of electric charge.

Action of the ₀^a Created Forces

• Those forces are really created by heat expansions, and particularly by the heat expansion of gas-molecules. Of course, the action of the temperature organ ₀^a is necessary, and I already explained that the secondary temperature organ _-1^a is playing an important rôle in heat expansions.

• Pressures created by heat expansions are responsible for some air movements in the atmosphere. Sometimes, they can create movements in fluids, too.

• Heat expansions are used in a lot of human-constructed devices. Generally, they are called "thermic machines". Dealing with such devices, the concept of energy is useful. With the help of the energy "comptability" (balancing the energy values), we can predict the performance of our machines. In my opinion, the concept of energy should strictly be reserved for engineers. We should never use it to explain natural phenomena.

Forces Created by Movements

• This is a tricky and sometimes controversial problem in Physics. We should start to explain the concept of velocity, generally indicated by the letter . It is deduced with the help of an elementary displacement and an element of time using the equation

  = / when -> 0

  where is a vector with a fixed direction and an absolute value ||.

  Remark: Some scientific textbooks are often using the word "speed", but sometimes they do not explain precisely the difference between velocity and speed. In my opinion, we should use the word speed if we consider only the absolute value of the velocity, or if the movement propagates without a vector. For example, the light has no velocity but only speed.

• The velocity characterises very well the phenomenon of movement. It represents a sign of life. The death of the universe will occur with the end of movements and velocities.

• Some velocities can directly be observed with our vision, but we should be careful. There are several relative movements and, consequently, some apparent velocities. We should use our vision together with our judgment. According to the Living Atom Theory, only the velocity can be apparent. There are no such things as apparent forces or apparent dimension values, and the idea of apparent mass value is a scientific blunder!

• Another particularity of the velocity is the fact that Nature does not tolerate a steady constant velocity. Either the absolute value of the vector or its direction changes continuously.

• In Physics, the change of the vector is explained with another concept called acceleration. (Or deceleration which means negative acceleration, a slowing down. For simplicity, we use only the word "acceleration".)

• Generally, the letter indicates the acceleration. The basic equation is

  = / when -> 0

  Like the velocity , the acceleration is a vector, too. It has different forms. Beside the linear acceleration, we have the so-called tangential and radial accelerations when the ₊₁ or ₊₁ is moving on a curved path. (I explained those different accelerations in a special study "The Living Planet Earth".)

• Now, I would like to make some important statements.
  1. In Nature, there is no movement without acceleration because the velocity is never constant.

  2. I already explained that a force is needed for a movement. Thus, the acceleration is always created by a force.

• The relation between a force and the acceleration was introduced by Newton's second law of motion with the well-known equation

  = |₊₁| x

  The value of mass |₊₁| was introduced as the ratio of force to acceleration

  |₊₁| = / .

• It is important to understand the difference between the force and the product

  |₊₁| x

  which is a special kind of force. Only the absolute values of those two forces are equal.

• This is a basic natural law. The accelerating force is always opposed by a special kind of counterforce often called "inertia force". This is a force created by the movement. Consequently, a moving body is always in a perfect dynamic equilibrium.

• We should analyse this

  |₊₁| x

  force with the perspective of the Living Atom Theory.

• When a train is accelerating, each passenger is individually affected by the inertia force. Similarly, in an accelerating human body, each elementary molecule is individually affected.

• Let us look deeper into the microcosm, and study the acceleration of a heavy atom ₀, shown in Figure 04-10. The atom is accelerating in the direction indicated by . Each unit inside the atom will be affected by a force opposing the acceleration. A planetary unit ₀ will be affected by a force

  |₀| x

  where |₀| is the mass value of the ₀. The elastic _-1⁰ gravitational medium inside the ₀ is stressed in order to resist the inertia forces. Without the _-1⁰ medium, the acceleration would be a tragical event for the atom ₀.

  

• It is obvious that each elementary unit of the microcosm has a mass value. Let us consider a heavy atom _-100. It is quasi infinite little, but it has a mass value |_-100|. According to the Living Atom Theory, the _-100 is an elementary unit of a body ₊₁ which we could indicate by a mathematical sign

  ₊₁ = _-100

  Similarly, the mass value could be indicated by

  |₊₁| = |_-100|

• We can imagine an awesomely big number , and then

  |₊₁| = x |_-100|

  but this time, the |_-100| means an average mass value of the _-100-s.

• The accelerating force is

  = |₊₁| x = x |_-100| x

  where

  |_-100| x

  is an elementary inertia force.

• Generally, the mass value of a body ₊₁ indicates the number of elementary _-n units in a body when

  ->

  The mass value also indicates the importance of an atomic agglomeration.

• We can say that in a matter of 2 kilogramme mass, there are two times as many _-n-s as in a matter of 1 kilogramme mass.

• If we consider the mass as a ratio of the weight to the gravitational acceleration, then the measured value is not accurate. The error is especially pronounced in the case of gas-molecules.

• In my opinion, if somebody studies the science of Physics, then the first step is to understand what the value of mass really is!

The Rotation

• In Nature, movement represents life. Among all the movements, there is one which is preferred. It is called circular motion or rotation. A typical example is the gyroscope. This is Nature's "distinct" movement.

• In the rotation, the forces are definitely created by movements or, we can say, by accelerations. It is bizarre. When a human-constructed gyroscope rotates, the force, which causes the acceleration, is created by the acceleration itself!! (It is called centripetal force.) However, in the case of a living gyroscope (like the earth), the centripetal force is furnished by the gravitation. We should strictly distinguish between inanimate gyroscopes and self-governed living gyroscopes. Anyway, acceleration always creates forces. Inversely, forces in equilibrium do not create accelerations.

• A long-lasting linear acceleration is forbidden by Nature. It would jeopardise the security of the moving unit. Furthermore, a slowing down will also be stopped sooner or later.

• With the rotation, a quasi constant acceleration can be achieved. When the driving torque equilibrates the braking resisting force, there is a practically-constant angular velocity. All the rotating living planets and satellites of the solar system are working with this principle. Even the human-constructed rotating engines have similar characteristics.

• The Rotation is a constant movement with a marvellous perfect dynamic equilibrium.

• All the minuscule places of the universe are filled with self-governed rotating gyroscopes. No wonder that the Creator constructed the universe with the help of such units.

• In my writings, I visualised the living gyroscopes with the short arrow . We can complete this sign with an index (like ⁿ). indicates the different steps in the atomic worlds of the macrocosm and microcosm. (The can be a whole number between - and +.)

• Then, we can say that with a simple sign ⁿ, the whole universe is represented.

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