- With the help of the apparatus which demonstrates Newman's machine, I made a very surprising experiment. Realising the arrangement shown in Figure 08-01, I noticed that the ohmic resistance of Coil 2 (
) slightly changes if we drastically change the flux value 
of the magnetic circuit with the help of Coil 1 and the commutator 
.
- This experiment works only if we fulfill the following conditions.
- We should feed Coil 1 with a perfect direct current furnished by fully-charged batteries with constant tension values.
- The measurement can be made only if the flux of the magnetic circuit is perfectly constant. By activating the commutator , we first get a transient variable flux, which generates a well-known phenomenon of induced tension in Coil 2. We should disregard this transient stage, and wait until the needle of the ohmmeter stops to move.
- Several measurements should be made by changing the direction of the flux line pattern several times. Thus, we eliminate the effect of the residual magnetism in the iron core.
- We proved that the ohmic resistance of an electrical circuit depends on the surrounding magnetic flux value
= 
()
This is a surprising and very far-reaching fact. It means that any direct current intensity value 
in Coil 2 would also depend on the magnetic flux pattern
= ()
We must conclude by saying that there is no such thing as an electric current. It is just a human-invented concept in order to draw an analogy between electricity and water flow. Furthermore, it is simpleminded to assume that some charged subatomic entities (electrons) are travelling inside an electric conductor. The effect, which we call intensity, and which we measure with ammeters, is entirely caused by the actions of different flux line patterns working outside and inside the conductor.
- The importance of the living flux line patterns becomes more evident. Let us analyse the problem in detail.
- I should start with the mathematical approach. Having built a magnetic circuit (with soft ferromagnetic iron core and with the help of a DC fed coil), we know that the value of the flux is a function of the current intensity in the coil.
= ()
We even know that with moderate values, the flux is proportional to the intensity.
= constant x
and the constant depends on the characteristic of the ferromagnetic material.
- Right now, we are reversing the problem, and we are asking the question: How is the intensity in the coil affected by changing the value of the flux ? Mathematically, we investigate the inverse function
= ()
which, to my knowledge, never was considered in the electromagnetic science.
- The
= ()
function has a large domain, which even allows the possibility of
= 0 if = 0
Not so with the function
= ()
It is impossible to stop completely the intensity by altering the value of the flux. We experience only very slight changes in the current intensity, and we need to have a very sensitive ohmmeter or ammeter. But the result is convincing.
- The ohmic resistance of an electric circuit depends on the flux line pattern!!
- The domain and the range of the functions
= ()
or
= ()
are very restricted. This can be explained with the help of Figure 08-02, which represents an enlarged part of an electric conductor (of circular section), and which is connected to the 
and 
poles of a battery. We should consider two different kinds of flux line patterns. Pattern 1 is created outside the conductor in the air or even in the vacuum. Pattern 2 acts inside the conductor's material. It is established in the intermolecular spaces of the conducting metal. The ohmic resistance value of a conductor is mainly conditioned by the inside flux line pattern. This means that the molecular structure of a copper conductor allows better formation of the inside flux line pattern than an iron conductor does.
- A stronger inside pattern creates a stronger outside pattern. Thus, we can evaluate the electric intensity by measuring the strength of the outside pattern. The needle of the ammeter is mainly deviated by the outside pattern!
- In my experiment, only the outside pattern, created by Coil 1, can be altered. This change has just a very small influence on the inside pattern of Coil 2. This is similar to somebody who wants to shake the top of a 30-metre high tree by pushing the trunk near the soil. He/She needs a lot of patience to observe the deviation at the top!
- Introducing the inside flux line pattern is a new scientific idea!! Meanwhile, its existence can be proved with another experimental fact.
- Figure 08-03 shows the principle of an electric motor often called homopolar machine. A circular metal plate
rotates like a conventional electric motor, if is traversed by a magnetic field (
, 
) and is connected to a battery with the help of sliding contacts, as shown. This time, the part of the electric circuit, which traverses the metal plate, does not create an outside flux line pattern!!
- We can easily prove it by realising the arrangement, shown in Figure 08-04. On a horizontal circular metal plate, with two compasses
1 and 2 (set in the north-south direction as shown), only the compass 2 deviates. The part of the circuit passing through the plate has only inside flux line pattern!!
- With this inside pattern, we can logically explain the force which rotates the homopolar motor. Figure 08-05 (A) and Figure 08-05 (B) explain the basic principles of a conventional electric motor and a homopolar machine, respectively. In both cases, the force
is created by the distorted magnetic field between the poles and .
- In some scientific writings, we read that the magnetic field acts directly on the moving electric charge, which means that forces are pushing directly the charged "electrons" that are continuously jumping from one atom to the other. This hypothesis is very fragile because it violates a perfectly proved natural law, better-known as Newton's third law of motion.
- Anywhere in the universe, a force can only be created if it is supported by a firm structure. At the same time, this structure is charged by a reaction force of the same value, but acting in the opposite direction.
- In an electric motor, there is a flux line pattern firmly connected to the rotor, and another pattern firmly connected to the stator of the motor. With the help of those patterns, real forces are acting between the two rigid bodies (rotor and stator). The reaction forces are evident, too! Saying that those forces and reaction forces are supported by the travelling electrons is a scientific paradox.
- By studying the living magnetic flux line patterns, I came to the conclusion that they are playing a much more important rôle in common physical phenomena than it is presently thought.
- Innumerable is the variety of the flux line patterns. They explain nearly every phenomena in the electrostatic, electrodynamic, magnetic and electric fields. They are present even in the phenomenon which we call "radiation".
- For example, the radiation called "cosmic ray" is mainly caused by a special kind of flux line pattern. It acts like a continuous "direct current" coming from the gravitational structure of the solar system in the direction of the earth's centre. It transforms our planet into a perfect Nature-created homopolar electric motor. The idea that our planet rotates in an empty space and obeys an idealised mathematical formula is just another scientific paradox.
- The free atom
-10 will oblige the science to reconsider the whole theory of electricity. It will simplify and unify all problems in connection with electricity and magnetism. To explain all the details would require several volumes. In this short text, I try to give some basic principles.
- Let us imagine a tiny little gyroscope which is embedded in a spherical elastic media, as shown in Figure 08-06. Its dimension is about 10-36 metre.
Remark: 10-36 is a very small real number, but still very far from the absolute 0 (zero). The reality of the infinite large and of the infinite little proves the extreme beauty and superiority of Nature.
- Considering the series of atoms
-n, ...,
-1,
0,
+1, ...,
+n
we should admit that the space of our universe is completely filled with the free atoms -10. They are present inside and outside of the matter, of the living bodies and even in the spaces which we could erroneously consider to be empty. Note that in a volume of 1 millimetre3, there is room for about 10100 free atoms -10!!
- We can imagine the space of our universe in two different ways.
- We can consider the picture of an enlarged section, as shown in Figure 08-07. There are the 0 atoms or the molecules (atomic agglomerations), surrounded by free atoms 00 and embedded in an infinite large elastic medium which is built up of 00-s.
- We can disregard the border lines of the 0-s and the 00-s. Then, we see three kinds of elementary subatomic globes.
- The nucleus (sun) of the atom 0.
- The electron (planet) of the atom 0.
- The nucleus (sun) of the atom 00.
- Those globes are embedded in an infinite large elastic structure built up of free atoms -10. Thus, the -10 becomes the most important component of our universe.
- The gyroscope of the -10 has living characteristics. This means that a special organ directs its axis to a position where its dynamic equilibrium is secured for the best. In this position, another Nature-created organ rotates the gyroscope as fast as possible.
Remark: In Physics, the behaviour of gyroscopes is analysed with the help of mathematical formulae by considering mainly the inertia of the rotating body. This mathematical model is valid and very useful indeed. It shows the best dynamic equilibrium with a fast rotating gyroscope. The error often committed by some physicists is to assume that planets and other rotating units of the universe exactly obey the mathematical formulae.
For example, let us think about the perfect dynamic equilibrium of a fast running bicycle. Meanwhile, we can not disregard the action of the pedalling person who is able to change the gyroscopic characteristics. Similarly, all natural rotating globes of the universe are mainly governed by Nature-created living organs.
- Among the countless -10 gyroscopes, there are always some unstables which are acting to find a more favourable position. They create accelerations and, according to a basic law of Physics, accelerations are always connected with forces.
- Classifying the different flux line patterns, we firstly recognise two principal families. In order to deal with them, we use the short arrow system (
) which indicates to us the position of the surrounding -20 free atoms, as explained in Chapter 03.
- Figure 08-08 shows the well-known loop pattern. It is generally created in the air (or in the vacuum), but it can pass through any matter, and it passes very often through a ferromagnetic material. Its presence can easily be demonstrated with a compass.
- Another pattern, as shown in Figure 08-09, is built up of circular elements, and has a form similar to a magnetic tube. This time, a compass needle shows only the magnetic tubes of considerably large dimensions, which are created around an electric conductor. Countless are the physical phenomena which prove the existence of magnetic tubes with microscopic dimensions and which can not deviate a compass needle.
- To explain the phenomena of electrostatics, we should introduce a third important flux pattern, this time inside the atom 0. The gravitational structure of the atom 0 is asymmetric and complex because of the presence of atomic planets (electrons). It often happens that unstable -10-s create interatomic flux line patterns, resulting in tensions of the elastic gravitational structure. A very strong natural tendency to discharge those dangerous (electric) tensions exists, and then we experience a phenomenon which we presently call "electric current".
- Awesome is the importance of the free atoms 00 and -10 in our physical world. With their help, we can also clarify the mysteries of the gravitational forces, the mysteries of the light and mysteries of the phenomena which we erroneously call "electromagnetic waves". The supersensitive living gyroscope of the free atom -10 acts like a relay station, and allows huge distance intercommunications between different units in the universe.
