10 |ANOTHER LOOK AT ELECTRICITY

Introduction

What is electricity? This well-known phenomenon has yet to be satisfactorily defined by the physicists. As I already mentioned, it is wrong to say that electricity is a form of energy, since such kind of energy does not exist in nature.
Despite the lack of understanding of this phenomenon, there are innumerable applications of it that humans have discovered. Because they are so numerous, electrical phenomena are generally categorised as electrostatics, electrodynamics, electromagnetism, electronics, microelectronics, electrochemistry, etc.
The Living Atom Theory suggests a simple and unifying way of defining the electric phenomenon: Electricity is a self-defence action of the living heavy atom ₀ to eliminate some dangerous tensions (stresses) inside the atomic structure.
To visualise this atom ₀, let us look at Figure 10-01. We have the sun of the atom (nucleus) and the planetary units ₀. These are the "intelligent" living gyroscopes, and they are embedded in an elastic gravitational field which is composed of secondary free atoms _-1⁰. I already explained the different patterns created by the _-1⁰-s in Chapter 03. Here, I am adding that the gravitational field also assures the revolution (orbital motion) of the planets ₀ around the atomic sun. An electric tension can be caused by the deviation of the ₀ gyroscope's axis. This "living" gyroscope has a powerful orientation organ ₀^b which tries to orient the axis in the most favourable position in order to assure a fast rotation. In a perfectly neutral position, the ₀ axis would be perpendicular to the plan of its orbit. This would be an ideal situation which does not exist in Nature. This means that each ₀ atom always has a kind of electric tension. However, we can only observe those which are of sufficient magnitude to be recorded by our instruments.

Remark: It is interesting to compare the planetary units ₀ with the planets ₊₁ in our solar system ₊₁. We know that the axis of our planet earth is also slightly deviated. (Without this deviation, we would not experience the four seasons.) We could also imagine that a cosmic giant could interpret the deviation of the earth as a kind of electric tension. In my opinion, such little deviation does not translate into a serious "electric" phenomenon in a higher level atom ₊₂. A ₊₂ giant would likely consider our solar system ₊₁ to be electrically neutral.
The planetary units ₀ would have to deviate much more radically in order to create for us appreciable electrical phenomena. The deviation can even change in each point of their orbit. So, it can happen that the axis are continuously directed in the same direction in the space.
The excessive ₀ deviation can jeopardise the stability of the atom ₀. For this reason, Nature has created a marvellous mechanism which tries to eliminate any excessive deviations and stresses in the gravitational field of the atom ₀. The unstable secondary free atoms _-1⁰ create stabilising loops which encircle the ₀ axis. In my writings, I call them polarisation loops, with the sign _-1. To represent the direction of the ₀ axis, I use the sign .
Figure 10-02 shows that the direction of the arrow is determined by the direction of the polarisation loop.
We know that the heavy atom ₀ is present in the space of the ₊₁, and forms different kinds of "confederations" with other ₀. These confederations are called molecules. Each molecule is completely surrounded by free atoms ₀⁰. Even a rigid body is just a kind of "lattice" constituted by molecules and separated by ₀⁰-s. Thus, we should analyse separately the electrical behaviour of each molecule. This offers huge possibilities for researchers, as each individual molecule acts differently if it is electrically polarised.
Remark: We can omit the notion of electrical charge.

Electric Technology

According to present scientific knowledge, we have discovered more than 9000 different organic and inorganic compounds, which means more than 9000 different molecules. It would appear that humans will forever be able to continue inventing new electrical gadgets, especially in the field of microelectronics.
A molecule can be polarised in two different ways, as shown in Figure 10-03.
On the left, the ₀ axes are deviated in such a way that the arrows point in the direction of ₀⁰-s. We call this positive () polarisation. On the right, the arrows are pointed in the direction of ₀-s. We call this negative () polarisation. It is our choice to call either one positive or negative. Even more attractive is to use the symbol for positive, and the symbol for negative polarisation. We already know that the direction of the arrow determines the direction of the polarisation loops, or .
In Chapter 03, I explained the forces which attract a molecule to a molecule. These are created by the _-2⁰ free atoms, and the _-2 loops are doing the work.
When the distance between a and a molecule diminishes, the outer unstable _-1⁰ free atoms (in the ₀⁰ space) follow the direction of the patterns, and a powerful discharging tube pattern is created. This means an instantaneous elimination (discharge) of the electric tension, as shown in Figure 10-04.
The importance and strength of the polarisation patterns also indicates the value of tension. We can measure it with an instrument (voltmeter), but then we are in effect measuring the average tension value in a huge number of molecules.
In Physics, the value of tension is generally indicated by the letter . The new electrical term of capacity was introduced, and was represented by the letter . The capacity value is proportional to the number of deviated planetary units ₀.
Engineers can calculate the effort (work) necessary to give a tension for a body of capacity with the formula
(1/2) x x ²
which can be expressed with the measuring unit called energy. Let us call it input energy (_in). Sooner or later, the tension of the molecules is discharged because this is a natural tendency. But we can easily find a method to provoke an instantaneous discharge. Then, the involved living units (the ₀-s and the _-1⁰-s) will make an effort to find a better equilibrium for the living atom ₀. This work is also translated into energy units, and we call it output energy (_out). We find that the input energy is generally greater than the output energy.
_in > _out
This is because the discharging living units are very intelligent, and they are doing their job with the least possible effort. On the other hand, the input is done by not so perfect devices invented by humans. Meanwhile, science tells us that energy can not be lost, and that it is just transformed into another form?!
Electric technology has devised numerous ways to deviate the ₀-s of the molecules to produce electric tensions. Even more numerous are the methods to produce electric discharges. It would take several volumes to deal with all the electric phenomena. In this brief study, I just want to point out the advantages if we explain the electric phenomena with the help of the Living Atom Theory.
Let us consider the experiment illustrated in Figure 10-05. This electric circuit is made of a 12 volt battery (or a 12 volt direct current generator) and a ~800 metre long and 0.000001 metre² copper conductor, which means that the distance between Point a and Point b is ~400 metre. In this condition, the ammeter will measure an intensity value of about 1 ampere. According to the presently accepted theory, an electric current is created by the flow of hypothetical subatomic units called electrons. We are told that the electron is negatively charged, and the current is caused by the displacement of the electric charges. By guessing the number of electrons in 0.000001 metre² section of a copper wire, we can calculate the speed of the travelling electron. We find that in this particular case, this speed is about 0.00007 metre/second.
This means that an electron starting at Point c would take ~130 days to arrive at Point a. The electric current starts instantaneously along the whole length of the conductor. Thus, there must be a mysterious telecommunication system which orders the electrons to move all along the conductor. Some textbooks refer to this as a sort of electrostatic field which propagates with the speed of light, but the mechanism of this field and its origin are not clear.
The electric current and the moving electron hypothesis are now more than a hundred years old. During this time, countless numbers of scientific books and encyclopedias have perpetuated the existence of those travelling electrons. No wonder that this fragile hypothesis has become a kind of scientific dogma! Today, nearly everyone claims to understand what an electric current is.
To explain an electric circuit, shown in Figure 10-05, with the help of the Living Atom Theory, we can begin by saying that it is an artificially sustained and constant discharging process. The molecules in the generator's terminal points (Point a and Point c) are ready for the discharge because all along the conductor, a strong discharging tube pattern has been created. However, a complete discharge is impossible because the artificial device which we invented continuously "repolarises" the molecules.
It is easy to create a discharging tube pattern with a copper wire conductor. The characteristic of the ₀ units inside the copper molecules is such that the orientation of their axis can readily change. Figure 10-06 shows an enlarged portion of the copper conductor.
There are two kinds of discharging tube loops.
1. The _-1 loops outside the conductor. They can be detected by a compass, and also provide the forces which deviate the needle of the ammeters and the voltmeters.
2. Inside the conductor, discharging tubes are created in the intermolecular spaces (₀⁰). There are plenty of unstable _-1⁰-s on the borderlines between the ₀⁰-s. By creating the discharging tubes, the unstable _-1⁰-s become stabilised.
Of course, the direction of the discharging loops must be the same as the direction of the polarisation loops _-1 in the generator's terminals. It is the polarisation loop which initiates the formation of the discharging tube. This happens instantaneously. It propagates with the speed of light. The direction of the _-1 loops determines that of the arrows, as shown in Figure 10-06. During this discharging process, each copper molecule of the conductor will slightly be discharged and repolarised. Each molecule will have an average tension value with continuous, slight variations. This means that the axis of the ₀-s will start to vibrate because of this back and forth changes between polarisation and discharge. The frequency of this vibration is in the order of about 10¹³ hertz.
At this point, the heat sensor "organ" ₀^a of the atomic sun reacts by increasing the temperature, which we can observe. Explaining the heat created in an electric conductor by using the Law of Energy Conservation is very unsatisfactory indeed.
In electrical technology, we often create a discharging process in which the direction of the ₀ axis is completely reversed every 1/60 of a second. This is known as an alternating current (AC) with the frequency of 60 hertz.
The directional organ ₀^b of the ₀ planets and the directional organ _-1^b of the _-1⁰ free atoms work so fast that for them, 1/60 of a second is like an eternity. Researchers sometimes create similar discharging circuits through different chemical substances in an attempt to measure the electric resistivity or conductivity of these materials. Sometimes, they get very surprising results. In some molecular structures, the discharging tube pattern can be drastically altered.
This phenomenon can be explained if we consider that, in the case of radiation, we have a kind of pattern made up of unstable _-1⁰-s that I call dispersing tube. (See Chapter 09.) This dispersing tube has exactly the same kind of structure as the discharging tubes in electric circuits.
I also explained how each atom ₀ creates some kind of radiations as some tiny ₀ particles are being ejected from its body. This is the "transpiration" mechanism of a living unit. The magnitude of the dispersing tubes depends on the number and characteristic of the ₀ particles. In a copper conductor, the effect of the dispersing tubes is negligible. But in some substances, it is the combination of the discharging and dispersing tubes which determines the resultant _-1 loop pattern. For example, if we use the substance Selenium, then the _-1 loop can have only one direction, and can readily serve as a useful device called electric rectifier. If we use other substances like Germanium or Silicon, then the resultant discharging tube pattern is such that we can amplify its importance by influencing it with some polarised molecules. These Nature-created intermolecular devices are the transistors which are today replacing the old vacuum tubes and triodes. And the variety of those resultant discharging patterns is endless due to the different characteristics of the ₀-s and of the ₀-s. No wonder, therefore, that new intermolecular devices are daily being discovered. They constitute the "High-Tech" of today's scientific technology.
When science tries to explain the mechanism of such devices (sometimes called semiconductors) with electrons in motion, a huge confusion occurs. Some textbooks describe electron holes which behave like positively charged particles?
I think that such explanation belongs in the domain of science-fiction. The moving electron hypothesis is becoming shakier.
I will finally outline an interesting experiment which I conducted. One can frequently read that salt water conducts electricity. Here is what I did to test the validity of this claim.
After connecting two plastic containers with a ~1.5 metre long plastic tube, I tried to establish an electric circuit with the help of a direct current (DC) generator, as shown in Figure 10-07.
The tube and the conductor were placed in a north-south direction with a sensitive compass needle above each one, as the diagram illustrates. When I closed the switch , I was surprised to notice that only the compass needle above the conductor registered a slight deviation. This observation led me to believe that within the tube, there is no electric current or moving electrons. However, the inserted ammeter constantly indicated an intensity value of ~0.01 amperes. This clearly suggests that a discharging tube pattern is established in the conductor.
To establish this further, I devised a second experiment, as shown in Figure 10-08.
Here, I simply removed one of the electrodes! To my surprise, the ammeter still continued to register the same intensity value! In other words, this was an electric "circuit" that was not closed, thereby contradicting any notion of electric current and moving electrons! However, there was a discharging process, which is the basic condition for electricity, as I already mentioned at the beginning.
How can we explain this discharging process? When we dissolve salt ( ) in water, a chemical reaction occurs which creates a lot of positively and negatively polarised molecules. Science calls these "ions", but I consider them molecules whose planetary axes have been drastically deviated (₀).
Remark: When living atoms ₀ decide to form a new kind of "confederation", it is understandable that some _-1⁰ free atoms are obliged to change their patterns. Occasionally, some important polarisation loops are created, and ₀ axes are deviated. As we know, there are some very effective means of creating electric tensions. In the salted water, the negatively polarised molecules , which are near the electrode, are continuously discharged by the positively polarised molecules of the electrode's surface, as shown in Figure 10-04. This discharging process slightly diminishes the tension value of the electrode.
Suppose that the voltage difference between the terminals of the DC generator is 500 volt, and the voltage difference between the electrode and the terminal is 499.9999 volt. Then, the voltage difference between the terminal and the electrode is 0.0001 volt. If the resistance of the conductor is 0.01 ohm, then an intensity value of 0.01 ampere will be measured by the ammeter (as can easily be calculated with Ohm's well-known equation).

Conclusion

If Science had to abandon the hypothesis of moving electrons, then it would necessarily be forced to rewrite a great multitude of scientific writings. This is regrettable, but I am convinced that a better understanding of electricity will ultimately enhance future research in this domain.

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ISBN 0-929105-10-9
2004-04-02T01:52:58,0

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