- In the following article, I hope to provide physicists and students of physics with a tool that may help them gain a better understanding of the mystery known as "electric current".
- According to presently accepted theories, an electric current is caused by some moving electrically charged particles called "electrons". Some texts use the name "free electrons" or "conducting electrons". It is believed that each atom of an electrical conductor contains at least one conducting electron.
- This electron has a negative electric charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb. We can even evaluate the number of conducting electrons in different conducting metals with the help of the famous Avogadro constant (6 x 1023 mole). So, we find that in 1 metre3 of copper conductor there are ~8.4 x 1028 conducting electrons, and in 1 metre3 of aluminum conductor there are ~5.5 x 1028 conducting electrons. In order to investigate this notion of moving electrons, I realised the following experiment.
- Figure 11-01 illustrates a pendulum with a 2 millimetre diameter and 100 millimetre long copper rod attached to a 3 metre long fine thread. A sensitive soft spring
was inserted in order to detect an eventual force acting upon the copper rod.
- Two strong permanent magnet bars were fixed on a rolling support which was able to move perpendicularly to the surface of the drawing. When I push the magnets with a velocity
in the direction towards the viewer, the situation is similar to a moving rod in a standing magnetic field, as shown in Figure 11-02. (Note that the magnetic induction vector 
is directed towards the reader, its sign is 
, and it is directed from north pole to south pole.)
- If the velocity
= 0.5 metre/second
and the magnetic induction
= 0.5 weber/metre2
we can calculate the force acting upon one conducting electron. It is
= 0.5 metre/second x 0.5 newton/(coulomb x (metre/second)) x 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb = 0.4 x 10-19 newton
This force is vertical in the upward direction.
- There are 2 possibilities.
- We could suppose that this force is transferred to the structure of the copper rod. Then, with a huge number of electrons, this would create a huge upward force acting upon the rod. My experiment clearly demonstrates that such a force DOES NOT EXIST!
- We could suppose that, due to this force, the electrons start to move upwards in the rod. Then, the upper end of the rod will be negatively and the lower end positively charged. The opposite charges equilibrate the vertical forces, and the spring can not indicate any force. Meanwhile, there is the following paradox: The vertical movement of the electrons must be done instantaneously with a relatively high velocity. Then, another force will act upon the electron (this time in the horizontal direction) which is calculated with the formula
= x x 
where is the velocity of the electron, is the magnetic induction, and is the charge of the electron.
Remark: According to the moving electron theory, it is such a force which actuates the electric motors.
- In my experiment, considering the huge number of electrons, this would result in an instantaneous strong horizontal force acting on the copper rod, and the pendulum would start to swing. We can demonstrate that THERE IS NO SUCH HORIZONTAL FORCE! I must conclude that the moving electron theory is illogical and wrong. We should introduce a new theory to explain the mystery of electric current!!
- Many physics textbooks introduce the induced electromotive force
with the example of a conductor with length 
which is moving perpendicularly to a magnetic field with a velocity , as shown in Figure 11-03.
- The induced electromotive force is calculated with the formula
= x x 
If is expressed in metre/second, in weber/metre2, in metre, we get the value in volt.
- With such a short rod, it is very difficult to demonstrate or to measure an electric tension between the
and 
charges. Using a sensitive voltmeter, we must close the circuit and a little current intensity is necessary to actuate the instrument's needle. Furthermore, the conductor should constantly move, bringing it to rest the charges disappear. However, the induced electricity really exist, otherwise we could not have electric generators or electricity in our houses.
- In order to demonstrate the electric induction, I realised another experiment. This time, instead of a copper rod I attached on the pendulum a conductor forming a closed loop, as shown in Figure 11-04. With such an awkward asymmetrical form of the loop, I obtained a better result.
- If we start to move a bar magnet near point
of the loop, we can manage to create a horizontal force and a torque which will rotate the loop in the horizontal plan. By changing the polarity of the magnet or the direction of its movement, we can easily rotate the loop in each direction as shown (direction 1 or 2).
- It is absolutely necessary to have a closed loop circuit. If we cut the loop, the force can no longer be created.
- It seems that the change of the magnetic flux line pattern rather creates an "electric current" which circulates in the conductor's loop. Then, the value of the induced electromotive force is automatically determined by multiplying the intensity of the "current"
with the ohmic resistance 
of the conductor (according to the well-known Ohm's law).
- By cutting the conductor's loop, the resistance get nearly infinite and the intensity becomes zero.
- So, it is true that electricity is created (induced) when a conductor moves in a magnetic field. Meanwhile, a force is also created and the direction of this force is such to oppose the conductor's movement. Nature is obliged to create such a force, otherwise an electric generator would become a "perpetuum mobile". This phenomenon is also explained by the well-known Lenz's law.
- To more precisely explain this force, it is very useful to visualise the picture of the magnetic flux line patterns. This can be done with the help of short arrows
where the arrow indicates the direction of the magnetic induction vector . (See Figure 11-05.) The sign 
indicates a conductor perpendicular to the drawing.
- The flux line pattern caused by the north and south pole of the magnet is distorted by the circular pattern caused by the "current" in the conductor. There is a strong concentration of induction vectors near point
. This acts like a compressed spring system, and a force is created as shown.
- After such an explanation, we should admit that the existence and the name "electric current" are superfluous and unnecessary. All the work is done by the circular flux line pattern.
Remark: If there are no moving electrons, there is no electric current either. The concept of "electric current" is a kind of PHANTOM invented by the science. When we measure the intensity with an amperemeter, we just evaluate the importance of the circular flux line pattern.
- Some textbooks, dealing with electromagnetism, use the picture of flux line patterns in order to explain magnetic forces. However, they mention that those flux lines do not have any IDENTITY, and they are used only for pedagogical purposes.
- Over a number of years, I have attempted to give an identity to the magnetic flux lines. In other words, I tried to introduce a real existing natural entity which could create such flux line patterns. This pattern could then become a real existing structure which is able to create and support magnetic forces.
- This is a new hypothesis and a new theory which perfectly unifies electricity and magnetism, and it is a huge simplification in the science of physics.
- In this article, I dealt only with the problem of "electric current". Infinite is the variety of circular flux line patterns. My theory explains that circular flux line patterns are also created inside the conductor's material and even in the vacuum tubes.
- Another special flux line pattern is created inside the molecules of the matter. This pattern explains all the phenomena in connection with electrostatics.
