14 |THE SOUND

The Sound

The sound wave is a phenomenon which can correctly be explained only with the help of the Living Atom Theory. The science called Acoustics has numerous aspects. In this short chapter, I would like to deal with the following:
1. To analyse the medium in which the sound wave propagates.
2. To study how the concept of energy can be associated with the sound.
3. To study what happens with the sound in vacuum.

The Structure of the Sound Wave

When an elastic structure is deformed with an amplitude and it reacts with an opposing force
= - x
then a vibration occurs. In Physics, it is generally assumed that the factor is a constant. This is an opportunity to write some spectacular mathematical equations. According to the Living Atom Theory, forces are created by the muscles of living subatomic units, and they can change several million times during one period of vibration. Therefore, it is obvious that the factor is not exactly constant. This means that the nice and simple picture of vibration, which is described as a sinus function, is just an idealised situation.
It is regrettable that this fact is rarely mentioned in the physics books. It is rather supposed that nature obeys our mathematical equations.
When a vibration occurs in an elastic homogeneous medium, it can propagate as a wave. The sound wave is one example.
The sound wave mainly propagates in the air in order to reach our hearing system. To explain how the atmosphere can act as a perfect elastic medium is a delicate problem. Numerous physical and chemical facts suppose the contention that matter is composed of tiny elementary particles called MOLECULES. It was found that the dimension of an air molecule is around 10^-9 or 10^-10 metre. The distance between molecules is about 10^-7 metre, a hundred times more than the molecule's dimension. This means that in a volume of air, the volume of molecules is quasi negligible!
Remark: When we indicate dimensions in the microscopic world, we are mainly just guessing. However, it helps us to better understand the problem, and to make some logical deductions.
Furthermore, there is a very interesting natural tendency to keep the molecules at certain distances. Air molecules can never collide!! By diminishing the distance between them, a gradually increasing repulsion force is created.
Remark: This fact completely contradicts the so-called the "Kinetic Theory of Gases". In Chapter 02, I explained how illogical this kinetic theory is.
It is very naive to suppose that between the molecules there is just nothing. It must be a special kind of structure which is still a mystery in Physics. This structure must accomplish the following tasks:
1. It keeps the molecules at certain distances.
2. When a molecule starts to vibrate, this perfectly elastic structure transfers the vibration to the other surrounding molecules. This is the only way to create sound or ultrasound waves. The variety of vibrating frequencies is amazing. It can be between 20 and 5 x 10⁵ vibrations in one second.
3. This structure acts individually on each molecule with a force trying to push it in the direction of the earth's centre. This means that the medium between molecules also creates that which we call "gravitational field" in Physics.
4. A molecule can be affected by different forces. If those forces are not equilibrated, the molecule starts to move in order to find its new equilibrium in the space. Then, this structure must be able to assure free passage for the molecule.
5. Each movement starts and finishes with accelerations. This structure must act differently in the case of slow or fast acceleration. With slow acceleration, the security of the molecule is not yet jeopardised. With fast acceleration, the situation is different, as I will soon explain it.
With the Living Atom Theory, we can explain this marvellous medium which separates the molecules. To start, we should consider the basic hypothesis that some subatomic units are self governed. We can call them "living units". (For more details, see Chapter 02.)
The most important achievement of the Living Atom Theory is the introduction of the FREE ATOM. The free atom has only an atomic sun, and it doesn't have planetary units. In Physics, the atomic sun is generally called "nucleus", and the planetary unit is sometimes called "electron". I find it important to use the name "planetary unit" or "atomic planet" because the word "electron" could cause some confusions.
According to the Living Atom Theory, the earth is a planetary unit in a huge atom which we call "solar system". In my text, I call those with planetary units "heavy atoms". (Our solar system is a heavy atom.) The molecules and the matter are always built up by heavy atoms.
Dealing with the sound waves, we have to consider two kinds of free atoms:
THE PRIMARY FREE ATOM
It is indicated with the sign ₀⁰ in my text. We can visualise it as shown in Figure 14-01. There is a tiny gyroscope which is a self governed living unit. It also represents the sun of the free atom. It orients its axis in a direction which is the best for its living equilibrium. Let us not forget that plants and flowers are acting similarly.
An innumerable variety of patterns can be formed with the direction of the gyroscope's axes. They are always enclosed loops, and they are acting like stretched rubber bands. Such a pattern creates forces, and it also supports the reaction forces. The pattern can change several million times in one second.
The ₀⁰ gyroscope is embedded in an elastic structure which protects it and assures its proper function. So, the whole ₀⁰ is like a tiny elastic cushion. Let us suppose that its dimension is around 10^-12 metre, at least 100 times as small as the dimension of the molecule.
All molecules are completely surrounded by ₀⁰ primary free atoms. In other words, the matter of the universe is embedded in an infinite "sea" of ₀⁰ free atoms.
The situation is similar in fluids and rigid bodies. Only the distances between molecules are less, and they are attached together with some elastic bands, as I already explained in Chapter 03. It is no wonder that sound waves are propagating even in fluids and rigid bodies. However, the character of such waves is slightly different because the movements of molecules are restricted.
We can imagine a 300-millimetre diameter soccer ball which is embedded in tiny 3-millimetre diameter elastic balloons. If somebody would kick in such a ball, the impact would be transferred by the little balloons to another ball which is ~30 metre apart. The sound wave propagates similarly. The vibration of a molecule is transferred to the other molecules by squeezing the protective medium of the ₀⁰ free atom.
THE SECONDARY FREE ATOM
The protective structure of the ₀⁰ is constructed by secondary free atoms. To indicate them, I used the sign _-1⁰. So, the _-1⁰ is an elementary unit of the ₀⁰. It is also an elementary unit of the heavy atom. The picture of _-1⁰ is the same as it is shown in Figure 14-01. It has similar characteristics. Only the dimension is different. We should imagine a tiny elastic ball with 10^-36 metre in diameter.
A huge quantity of _-1⁰-s are quasi affiliated to the sun of the primary ₀⁰ free atom. I call them stable _-1⁰-s. There are stable _-1⁰-s also around the sun and the planetary units of the heavy atoms. This is a kind of "gravitational field". According to the Living Atom Theory, the unit which is today called "atom" in Physics has its special gravitational field constructed by _-1⁰-s. Similarly, the gravitational field of our solar system is built up by ₀⁰ free atoms. Furthermore, the gravitational field of the ₀⁰ acts like a living "shock-absorber" system which is able to create and sustain the vibration of the molecules.
Remark: There are unstable _-1⁰-s, too. They are filling up the voids between the ₀⁰ free atoms. Considering that _-1⁰-s are also filling up the space INSIDE the molecules, we can state that the space of the universe is completely filled up with _-1⁰ free atoms.
The "shock-absorber" system works with the help of the _-1⁰ gyroscopes. This gyroscope represents the sun of the secondary free atom. When the gyroscope's stable pattern is deformed, the living gyroscope starts to work in order to regain its original position.
The gyroscope's muscle is super-sensitive. The pattern can be changed about 10⁴⁴ times in one second. This easily accommodates frequencies of 5 x 10⁵ per second which seems to be the highest frequency of ultrasonic vibrations. Furthermore, even during one period of vibration, the gyroscope's pattern can act with different forces. This explains the innumerable variety in the sound's quality. Fortunately, our hearing system is built up by similar ultrasensitive organs.

The Sound and the Energy

When the molecule, embedded in an elastic medium, vibrates, it also causes some local pressure variations. The vibration's amplitude is called "pressure amplitude", and the sound is specified as a longitudinal pressure wave. Our eardrum can be affected only by such pressure variations. It was found that the average human ear is sensitive to pressure variations between 28 newton/metre² and 2 x 10^-5 newton/metre². Of course, those pressure variations are working around the atmospheric pressure which is about 100 x 10³ newton/metre².
With the help of a mathematical operation, the effect of the pressure can be expressed in sound intensity () which can be measured in watts/metre² units. The intensity level indicates the loudness of the sound. By knowing the value at a certain point of the wave, we can evaluate the necessary electric power which we should invest to create a sound with such intensity.
It is an obvious fact that the pressure amplitude and the intensity gradually diminish as the distance from the sound source increases.
It is probably the watts/metre² unit which inspired the science of Physics to associate the sound wave with energy. It is stated that sound waves and all other waves are propagating energy. For example, it is often mentioned that heat energy is carried from the sun to the earth via electro-magnetic waves?!
If we measure the work done by some living muscles with the help of energy units (like erg, joule, metre-kilogramme, kilowatt-hour, calorie, BTU, etc.), it is correct and useful. However, such a wandering energy which travels from one place to another place is clearly only for the laymen. For a physicist, who is able to meditate individually, such kind of energy is a dark mystery. In the case of sound waves, not only the intensity but this phantom of energy diminishes, too, as the wave propagates.
This is a paradox! According to the energy conservation law, the energy can not disappear. It must be transformed into another form of energy.
The sound energy is transformed into what form of energy?? This question was never answered. It is surely not heat. Otherwise, the howling of a crowd in a sport stadium would help to heat up the building.
The gyroscope of the secondary _-1⁰ free atom explains the mystery. It works for a while as a kind of "shock-absorber" to assure the security of the vibrating molecule. Being an intelligent living unit, its interest is to stop the vibrations as fast as possible because, far from the sound source, the molecules are out of danger. The work done by the gyroscope's muscle is not classified in Physics as a useful energy for the human technology.
Let us compare the sound vibration with the swinging of a pendulum or another human-constructed spring system. This time, with the help of mathematics, we can introduce two kinds of energies, namely the kinetic and potential energy. They are playing an interesting "ping-pong" game during each period of vibration, indicating how easily one energy can be transformed into another energy. This is misleading because such an easy transformation works only with those mathematically introduced energies.
The swinging of a pendulum stops sooner or later unless we continue to add some efforts to the system. The kinetic (or potential) energy gets lost. It is stated that there are frictions which create heat, and the heat energy is dispersed into the atmosphere. This is partly true, but it is never mentioned that only a very little percentage of energy is transformed into heat. The rest is mysteriously lost like in the sound waves, and the energy balance does not work.
With the free atoms, the picture is clear. Sometimes, the distance between molecules is brutally diminished as if we strike a rigid body with a hammer, or if a rigid surface is sliding on another rigid surface. Then, the "shock-absorber" system between the molecules is not able to take the whole impact, and the structure inside the molecule (more precisely, inside the heavy atoms) is affected, too. This means that some secondary _-1⁰ free atoms inside the molecule are squeezed.
Squeezing the _-1⁰-s inside the molecule can create different phenomena, as I explained in Chapter 04. One of them is the creation of heat. Meanwhile, the _-1⁰ gyroscopes are working hard to save the molecule's structure. The value of this work can not be included in the balance of energy conservation!
It is no wonder that such brutal collisions are also causing vibrations in the surrounding molecules inside the rigid bodies or in the air. So, sound waves are also created.
The air molecules (or gaseous molecules) are individually moving in the space if they are affected by a non-equilibrated force. Figure 14-02 shows the special pattern of ₀⁰ gyroscopes around the molecule which acts like a stretched rubber band and creates the _e elementary force. This force pushes the molecule in the direction of the earth's centre.
If a stronger force than _e pushes upwards, the pattern over the molecule voluntarily changes, and takes a new position under the molecule by assuring free passage for it. In the case of horizontal movement, the gyroscope's pattern just follows the form of the molecule.
Remark: Such a drawing shows only a kind of cross-section. In reality, we should rather imagine an elastic pellicule instead of an elastic band. This does not change the situation. Each ₀⁰ gyroscope in the space finds the best position to assure its vital equilibrium. The force _e is created anyway.
The shock-absorber system (built up by _-1⁰ gyroscopes) acts separately. When the acceleration of the molecule is slow, its action is quasi negligible. With stronger molecular acceleration, the shock-absorber works aggressively before the ₀⁰ gyroscope reacts. Then, the molecule starts to vibrate, and sound is created.
We can realise how important the action of the _-1⁰ gyroscope is. It starts the vibration, it sustains the vibration for a while, and it also stops it. The _-1⁰ secondary free atom is a marvellous intelligent living unit!!
Figure 14-02 is valid also inside a rigid body or in a fluid. So, the molecular vibration can also start in a rigid body or a fluid even if the molecule can not move individually. However, sooner or later, the vibration must propagate in the air in order to reach our hearing system.
The extreme beauty of the free atom type "gravitational field" is that the free atoms are FIXED in the space of the universe.
Everything is done by just changing the patterns of the ₀⁰ and _-1⁰ gyroscopes. When a molecule moves, only the suns and the planetary units of the heavy atoms inside the molecules are moving. The gravitational field inside the molecules changes about 10⁴⁴ times in one second, and always different _-1⁰-s are involved.
We can better understand this if we consider that our solar system is also moving in the galaxy. Then, only the sun and the planets are moving. The gravitational field rests fixed in the space.
I conclude by saying that we can much more logically explain the sound waves with the free atoms than with the phantom of energy.

The Sound and the Vacuum

In the year 1654, the German inventor Otto Guericke demonstrated the powerful effect of the vacuum. Since then, the vacuum technology was gradually perfected. Today, inside an airtight rigid container, we can realise such a vacuum that the atmospheric pressure is nearly zero. However, we will never be able to realise a perfect vacuum.
To understand the atmospheric pressure, we should take another look at the sketch in Figure 14-02. The effect of the elementary _e force is transformed into pressure with the help of tiny elastic cushions, namely the secondary _-1⁰ free atoms. The whole atmospheric pressure is the result caused by all _e forces which are overhead us. We are living on the bottom of an atmospheric "sea".
It is obvious that the presence of air molecules is absolutely necessary to create the atmospheric pressure. In an airtight container, if we diminish the number of molecules, we diminish the atmospheric pressure, too.
However, we should suppose that the temperature of the molecules rests constant. For gaseous molecules, the effect of temperature is another story which I already explained in Chapter 02.
Let us imagine two rigid airtight containers ( and ) with equal volumes. They are connected with a pipe and a valve, as shown in Figure 14-03.
Suppose that in container there are 2 billion gaseous molecules, and in container 1 billion similar molecules. If we open the valve, 1/2 billion molecules will move from container to container . This movement is caused by forces which are created by the "shock-absorber" system of the surrounding ₀⁰ free atoms. Those forces are working until the distances between the molecules will be the same in the two containers. Then, the number of molecules will be the same, too.
We can realise that the hypothesis of gravitational attraction, which is fully accepted in today's Physics, does not work in the case of gaseous molecules.
It is not precise to state that the higher pressure in container pushes air in container . In an airtight container, it is the number of molecules which determines the pressure or the vacuum.
Figure 14-03 also explains how a vacuum pump works. In this case, container acts like a vacuum pump. It diminishes the pressure in container .
Thanks to the free atoms, the atmosphere acts like a self-regulated living unit. It is amazing that even the quality of air is automatically regulated. Air molecules never stop to move which is mainly caused by temperature differences. There is a perfect nature-created mixing mechanism. Therefore, all around the globe, the proportion between Oxygen (₂) and Nitrogen (₂) molecules is nearly the same. This is a principal condition for human, animal and vegetal life.
When Acoustics is taught in the schools, they often make an interesting experiment. In an airtight bell-jar, which is connected to a vacuum pump, they put an alarm clock. When the pump starts to work, the sound of the clock gradually diminishes, and with a strong vacuum, it completely disappears. Consequently, in Physics, it is firmly stated that there is no sound in the vacuum.
According to the Living Atom Theory this is obvious even without considering such an experiment. The presence of molecules is ABSOLUTELY necessary to create sound waves! Meanwhile, this experiment also proves that in a strong vacuum, there are only very few air molecules left.
With the help of a vacuum jar, an even more interesting experiment can be realised, as it is shown on the sketch in Figure 14-04.
There are two steel plates with precisely polished flat surfaces. They are separated by a little air gap. One of the plates is rigidly connected to an alarm-clock (or another noise making device). The other plate is rigidly connected to the membrane of a microphone. The microphone is electrically connected to a loud-speaker, as shown.
With a strong vacuum in the jar, we do not hear more the alarm clock, but we still hear a certain noise in the loud-speaker. By manipulating the switch, we can observe the differences between noises. This means that even in vacuum, some vibrations are transferred through the gap between the plates, and this can only be done with the help of the primary ₀⁰ free atoms.
We have to overcome some difficulties.
The gap between the plates should be kept as little as possible. Normally, the free atom transfers the vibration through a distance of about 10^-7 metre, which is the average distance between air molecules. It seems that some weak vibrations are transferred through much longer distances if the sound source is strong enough. (We should use a powerful alarm-clock.)
To support the arrangement inside the jar is another delicate problem. I already mentioned that sound waves propagate even in rigid bodies and in fluids. If the noise of the alarm-clock is transferred by the support, the experiment is falsified.
Fortunately, there are some materials which quasi resist to the sound-wave propagation like mineral wool, foam rubber or other spongy materials. With such a support, the harmful effect can be minimised.
There is another fact, too, which proves the existence of free atoms. It is in the domain of ultrasonic vibrations.
It is a well-known fact that molecules can vibrate even with frequencies higher than 20 000 per second which is the limit of audible sound vibrations. Ultrasounds are mainly created by electro-magnetic vibrations and some piezoelectric crystals (like quartz). Sometimes, they are called "ultrasonic transducers".
In this short study, I just mention that the ultrasonic technology is very lucrative. Companies are trying to fabricate always more powerful ultrasonic transducers. Some of them are advertised to be "vacuum penetrating", and experiments were done to prove this fact.
The ultrasound vibration can penetrate only into an elastic medium which is built up by primary ₀⁰ free atoms.
The introduction of the free atom is a scientific hypothesis. Only with the help of hypotheses, can we try to solve nature's mysteries.
In Physics, things like electron, proton, neutron, photon, electric charge, electric current, magnetic pole, quantum of energy, etc. are all just fragile hypotheses! Between them, there are more or less logical and more or less valuable ones.
The value of a hypothesis can only be measured with the number of common experienced phenomena which are explained with it.
One should read the whole text of the Living Atom Theory, and count the number of phenomena which are explained with the FREE ATOMS.

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2004-04-02T01:53:02,0

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