03 |THE MAGNIFICENT SECONDARY FREE ATOM A<SUB>-1</SUB><SUP>0</SUP>

03 |THE MAGNIFICENT SECONDARY FREE ATOM A_-1⁰

Introduction

If we say that the universe is constructed by _n-s and _n⁰-s, then we must admit the unifying strength of the Living Atom Theory. Another unifying statement is the following: In the space of the universe, there is nothing else but three kinds of living rotating gyroscopes.
1. The sun of _n.
2. The sun of _n⁰.
3. The planetary unit _n.
Meanwhile, there is a lot of opportunity for those scientists who like to diversify the problems. The infinite variety of problems is due to the fact that Nature does not tolerate "equality" but only "similarity". In other words, there does not exist two perfectly equal Nature-created units even if we consider the quasi infinite little units of the microcosm. We are able to classify the natural units only by their similarities.
In this chapter, I try to explain and classify the different _-1⁰ free atoms and the different ₀-s (₀ is a kind of secondary "interatomic" matter in the ₀-s and ₀⁰-s). Thus, I can explain a lot of interesting phenomena which, hitherto, are mysteries for the present confused science.
The _-1⁰ is very much similar to the ₀⁰, as shown in Figure 03-01. There is a tiny living gyroscope composed this time of heavy atoms _-2. It is protected by its _-2⁰ gravitational field. For a first approach, we should imagine perfectly elastic little globes (or ellipsoids), and they are completely filling up the space of the universe. We assume that the dimension of a _-1⁰ is about 10^-36 metre.

Remark: The dimensions which I gave for the atomic units are approximate. The exact dimensions are not important for my deductions, and nobody ever will be able to measure or to prove them. However, such dimensions have pedagogical values, allowing us to evaluate the proportions between the atomic units. I used the factor 10²³ as a proportion between ₀ and ₊₁. (We know that ₀ is about 10^-10 metre, and ₊₁ is about 10¹³ metre.)
We should assume this proportion of 10²³ between all the different steps of the atomic "ladder". Furthermore, a _n should be at least 1000 times bigger than a _n⁰. (₀⁰ is about 10^-13 metre.) Thus, we can give an approximate dimension for all units _n and _n⁰ in metre.
Remark: Even a dimension of 10^-1000 metre is far from the absolute 0 (zero).
Now, I can start to explain two very interesting phenomena in which all different kinds of _-1⁰-s are involved.

The Buoyancy Problem

The infinite "sea" constructed by the elastic _-1⁰ globes is a perfect medium to transfer forces and pressures in all directions of the space. This medium works perfectly in the air, in gases and in liquids, too. The pressure is caused by gravitational forces (elastic bands) acting individually on each molecule.
We should realise that in liquids (and in solid bodies, too), the molecules are completely surrounded by ₀⁰-s. Thus, there are plenty of _-1⁰-s between the molecules to do the work of transferring forces and pressures. In liquids, the distance between molecules is less, and the volume of molecules is less, too.
Furthermore, in liquids, the molecules are tied together by some relatively weak elastic strings (bands). Those strings are also constructed by _-1⁰-s, and I should explain them later in this chapter. Another difference between liquids and gases is the fact that the effect of temperature is much more pronounced in gases.
The value of the pressure at a certain point depends on the number of molecules overhead this point. This means that in the atmosphere, the pressure decreases with the height. And in the liquids, the pressure increases with the depth. Thus, the principle of Archimedes works in liquids and in gases, but only because of the collaboration of the _-1⁰ elastic globes.
I already mentioned in the previous chapter that, dealing with the buoyancy in gases or in air, we have a more precise picture by considering each molecule separately instead of considering a volume of gas. A gas-molecule is a huge "giant" compared to a ₀⁰ or a _-1⁰. There is always a pressure difference between the bottom and the top of a molecule, which is the main condition for a buoyancy force. In liquids, it is accurate to consider the entire volume of an immersed body. In the air, the buoyancy of a rigid body is practically negligible.

The Electromagnetic Wave

Another very interesting phenomenon, where all the _-1⁰-s of the space are involved, is the Electromagnetic wave.
This name and the whole terminology in connection with this problem proves the confusion of modern science. Some textbooks are using the name "Electromagnetic radiation" which is even more confusing. With the _-1⁰-s, we can demonstrate that this problem has nothing to do with electricity, magnetism or radiation.
In this case, the chief "actor" is the tiny little living gyroscope inside the _-1⁰ which is governed by the powerful _-1^b organ. This organ orients the gyroscope's axis to the most favourable position.
Figure 03-02 shows three adjoining _-1⁰-s. If suddenly a kind of force punches one of the _-1⁰-s, then the impact will be transferred to the gyroscope by the free atoms _-2⁰. Then, the _-1^b will be obliged to make a slight adjustment in the axis orientation. This adjustment is perceived by the adjacent _-1^b-s, and they will do the same kind of adjustments. The result will be a kind of phenomenon similar to the well-known experiment of "domino effect" with a long series of falling dominos.
This Nature-created "domino effect" is much more perfect because of the following reasons.
1. It works in all directions of the space.
2. It is done by living entities and by living muscles. We should not worry about the power (energy?) to do the work or about a friction which could stop the movements. The effect is spread out in quasi infinite distances in the space.
3. This natural "domino effect" traverses everything, even the rigid bodies. There are _-1⁰-s everywhere.
An impact of a single punch does not create an appreciable phenomenon. But if the impacts are repeated in a regular frequency, then we get a marvellous natural telecommunication signal. The "punching" place becomes an emitting station, and there has to be a receiver indeed, which is tuned to the emitted frequency.
Let us mention some typical examples.
1. On a planetary unit ₀, there are living units ₀. If a group of them dances in a kind of "aerobic exercise", and the ₀ rotates 5 x 10¹⁴ times/second, then the _-1⁰ gravitational field around the ₀ will get repeated impacts, and a signal of 5 x 10¹⁴ hertz frequency will be emitted. An infinite number of receiving stations on other ₀-s, maybe away in long distances, can receive this signal if they are tuned to this frequency. Human beings and other animals have their special receiving stations in their eyes. For us, such a signal is observed as a light of a certain colour. (The innumerable varieties of the light phenomenon should be analysed in a special chapter.)
2. With some electric or electronic "gadgets", human technology is able to create vibrations of different frequencies ranging from about 10⁵ hertz to 10¹² hertz. The science calls them hertzian frequencies or radio frequencies. This is a multifrequency telecommunication system thanks to the signal transmitting _-1⁰ medium. However, as a general rule, we can say that the human-invented systems are just imperfect imitations of some Nature-created systems. There is more and more evidence that some natural units are using the hertzian frequencies for their telecommunications.
  Some human inventions using hertzian signals are really spectacular. Unfortunately, greedy commercial interests are leading us into exaggerations. The Living Atom Theory teaches us that Nature punishes all kinds of exaggerations. Today, we have a serious hertzian pollution which contributes to the deterioration of our nervous system. Thus, human society becomes dangerously "crazy".
3. The most interesting telecommunication signals are those used by the principal heavy atom organs ₀^a (temperature organ). I already explained that each ₀^a is able to detect the activity levels of other ₀^a-s. It has a perfect emitting and receiving station. Nature reserved for the ₀^a-s a "distinct" kind of frequency value which seems to be around 10¹³ hertz.
  Remark: It is not important to know the exact value of this frequency. People familiar with the radio problems know that the emitters and receivers are always tuned to a slight range of frequencies. This frequency range is very important for the ₀^a. With slightly lower frequencies, we explain the infrared (IR) effects. With slightly higher frequencies, we explain the ultraviolet (UV) effects.
  It is a blunder to classify the ultraviolet "rays" as the light phenomenon. If we observe some light, then this is just a by-product. The UV effect is strictly under the jurisdiction of the ₀^a-s.
  I should note that a similar error was made by the science when the laser beam was classified as a light phenomenon. Here, too, the light is just a by-product. The laser beam is a special kind of radiation, as explained in Chapter 09.
After dealing with those three examples, we can formulate some general conclusions.
The electromagnetic wave or electromagnetic radiation should rather be called "Interatomic telecommunication signal". The chief "actor" of this phenomenon is the organ _-1^b which governs the orientation of the _-1⁰ gyroscopes.
The _-1⁰ medium can simultaneously transfer innumerable quantities of signals with different frequencies. This is obvious if we consider the number of _-1⁰-s in the space. On a surface of 1 millimetre², there is room for about 10⁶⁶ _-1⁰-s. Each of them has a slightly different characteristic. This means that through 1 millimetre², 10⁶⁶ different signals with different frequencies can simultaneously be transmitted. The success of the communication depends on the well-tuned receiver.
This interatomic signal propagates in the space with a certain speed which depends on the agility of the _-1^b-s. If the _-1⁰ gyroscope deviates 3 x 10⁴⁴ times/second, and the dimension of the _-1⁰ is about 10^-36 metre, then a signal emitted in the sun will reach us in about 8 minutes at the speed of light.
Sometimes, the light signal passes through a medium where ₀ relay stations are involved. They are less agile and the propagation speed diminishes.
It can be misleading to speak about velocity of light. The signal propagation speed is not a vector. There is no such thing as a "photon" which travels with the velocity of light. I have to make the following statements.
1. The paradox of the famous Michelson-Morley experiment (1878) does not exist. The speed of light signal does not change if the emitting station moves with a certain velocity.
2. We must admit that the well-known Theory of Relativity introduced by the physicists Lorentz and Einstein is a scientific blunder because the starting point of their mathematical deductions is wrong. (Persons interested in details should read Chapter 06.)

The Different Secondary Free Atoms

Now, I try to classify the _-1⁰-s according to their different characteristics.
We should study Figure 03-03. It shows a kind of molecule made up of two ₀ atoms and surrounded by free atoms ₀⁰. We distinguish three kinds of _-1⁰-s.
1. Those near the globes (sun of ₀, sun of ₀⁰ and the ₀-s) are stable. They are represented by the sign .
2. There are unstable _-1⁰-s in the interatomic zones between molecules and ₀⁰-s. We could call them "Outside type unstable _-1⁰-s". They are represented by the sign .
3. There are unstable _-1⁰-s inside the ₀ atoms between the gravitational frontiers of the different rotating globes. We could call them "Inside type unstable _-1⁰-s". They are represented by the sign .
Before we continue with the _-1⁰-s, let us repeat that the universe is constructed by a series of _n heavy atoms and by a series of _n⁰ free atoms. Only the heavy atoms (or their agglomerations, the _n-s and the _n-s) have the privilege to move in the space. The _n⁰ free atoms are FIXED in the space!!
When a heavy atom moves, only the suns (nucleus) and the planetary units are moving. With a new position of an _n, a new _n⁰ pattern must be created.
The free atom pattern changes so fast that we can always consider a heavy atom or a molecule as a steady compact structure.

The Stable _-1⁰-s

It is very easy to explain them. We just have to imagine to be a living unit ₀ on the surface of a ₀ (instead of a ₊₁ on a ₊₁). Then, we would observe the same kind of atmospheric and gravitational effects which were explained in the previous chapter. The only difference is that the job will be done by _-1⁰-s instead of ₀⁰-s, and the molecule would be called ₀ instead of ₊₁. As for the stable _-1⁰-s inside the free atoms ₀⁰, we should consider that there is no "atmosphere", and there is no "temperature" problem. The _-1⁰-s are tying the matter ₀ of the globe together, they are protecting the rotating globe, and they are transferring the forces created by the globes.

The Outside Type Unstable _-1⁰-s

The problem is more tricky because of the immense variety of phenomena created by those _-1⁰-s. They are the most widespread and the most numerous in our universe, filling up the voids between the ₀⁰-s.
The first duty of all unstable _-1⁰-s is to become stable. The work is done by the powerful _-1^b organ which orients the axis of the rotating globe to the most favourable position. Being far from some secondary "matter" ₀, they are in need to reinforce themselves mutually by forming a huge variety of stabilising patterns. Such stability does not last a long time. If the _-1^b finds a better position, then the pattern changes rapidly. Remember that about 10⁴⁴ changes can be made in 1 second!
To deal with those patterns, we should introduce a special symbol system called "short arrow system". The gyroscopes of the free atoms will be represented in a whole series like
^-n, ..., ^-1, ⁰, ⁺¹, ..., ⁺ⁿ
where ⁿ represents the gyroscope of the free atom _n⁰.
The arrow is necessary because the direction of the gyroscope's axis has vectorial character. Figure 03-04 shows that the direction of the ^-1 arrow is determined by the directions of the surrounding ^-2 arrows. Similarly, the direction of the ^-2 arrow is determined by the ^-3 arrows and so on in the direction of the infinite little. It is up to us to choose a starting arrow direction, but once we did it, the arrow explains the interesting duality in electric problems ( and problem).
There are two basic positions to facilitate the stabilisation of the unstable free atoms. The position and the position . Figure 03-05 explains the stabilising effect of the position . In this case, elastic "bands" are created by ^-3 gyroscopes which are tying the ^-2 loops together, and they have a tendency to shorten the distance between the ^-1-s. Only the surrounding and protecting stable _-2⁰-s are preventing the globes from the danger to collide. This sketch also teaches us that to stabilise the unstable _-1⁰-s, all the series of _-n⁰ are involved, where
->
A loop of ⁿ can be formed only with the help of ^n-1-s, ^n-2-s, etc. We must admit the fact that for Nature, infinity is a reality!
Figure 03-06 explains the stabilising effect of a position like . In this case, there is a strong tendency to form a common ^-2 loop which ties the two ^-1-s together.
Here, too, the collision of the globes is prevented by the stable _-2⁰-s. It is easy to understand that if the position of the gyroscope is like _-1^-1 or ^-1^-1, then the _-1^b directional organs are working hard to find a more stable position.
Because of the stabilising position ^-1^-1, the unstable _-1⁰-s have the tendency to form enclosed loop patterns. For such loops, I use the symbol _-1, and we have the whole series
_-n, ..., _-1, ₀, ₊₁, ..., _+n
Sometimes, those loops have such a dimension that we can observe their effect with compasses or other magnetic instruments. We can visualise such a loop pattern as in Figure 03-07, and for simplicity, we can draw only one arrow. This loop acts like a stretched rubber band with a tendency to shorten. It is a real structure which can create forces and reaction forces if something tries to lengthen it.

Remark: We already dealt with a similar loop, created this time by ₀⁰-s, when we explained the gravitational forces in our ₊₁ space. Those loops are different because they are created by stable ₀⁰-s. However, they also act like stretched rubber bands because _-2⁰ loops are tying them together. (We can understand this effect if in Figure 03-05, we replace the arrow ^-1 with an arrow ⁰.)
The enclosed _-1 explains the magnetic phenomena known by the science of Physics. They are called "Magnetic flux lines", and Figure 03-08 shows an example. The direction of the arrow determines the north and south "pôle" of this electromagnet. In Physics, the magnetic flux lines are introduced only for pedagogical purposes, and we are taught in the schools to consider them without "identity". This is an error because the flux lines create forces, and forces must always be supported by real structures.

The Discharging Tubes

Let us now introduce another kind of stabilising pattern used by the outside type unstable _-1⁰-s.
There is a strong tendency to create, behind a _-1 loop, a long series of similar loops because of the stabilising positions.
Figure 03-09 shows such a pattern which is similar to a tube or a pipe. In my writings, I call it "discharging tube", and I am explaining the reason for this name. The diameter of a discharging tube can be as little as 10^-32 metre which is the approximate dimension of a molecular type ₀. Infinite is the number of discharging tubes with bigger diameters depending on the dimensions of the units which they encircle. Here are two typical examples.
1. Figure 03-10 shows a part of an electric conductor connected to the and extremity of a battery. There is a phenomenon which is called "electric current" by the confused science of Physics. We can observe a well-known discharging tube outside the conductor (in the air or in vacuum) which is classified as "magnetic flux line". Meanwhile, inside the conductor, there is room for a huge variety of discharging tubes with microscopic dimensions. For example, the diameter of those which encircle the planetary units ₀ is about 10^-16 metre.
  
  I had the opportunity to realise several experiments proving the existence of those inside type discharging tubes. Then, we can forget about the "phantom" of electric current. If we measure a "current" intensity, then we just evaluate the importance of the discharging tubes.
  According to the Living Atom Theory, the phenomenon called "electric current" is a kind of discharging action where some dangerous tensions inside the ₀-s are discharged with the help of discharging tubes. In our example, the discharge is continuous because we continuously furnish stressed ₀-s in the extremities of the battery. In such an artificial discharge, each molecule and ₀ atom inside the conductor is always charged (polarised) and discharged. This "ping-pong" between polarisation and discharge creates a continuous vibration inside the ₀-s. The organ ₀^a reacts, and heat is created. Thus, the name "Discharging tube" is logical.
  I just shortly mention that Nature is able to create stable discharging tube patterns without vibrations and heat effects. With their help, we can explain phenomena like cosmic rays, solenoid type patterns in the ferromagnetic materials, and the effect called "superconductivity".
2. Another interesting discharging tube is that which is created inside a vacuum tube (or a TV picture tube), as shown in Figure 03-11. In Physics, the name "electronic circuit" is used, and we are told that "electrons?" are jumping from the cathode, and are flying to the anode. The Living Atom Theory replaces the flying electrons with clusters of discharging tubes. It is easy to prove that a magnetic field (perpendicular to the discharging tubes) creates forces among the ^-1-s, and deviates the discharging tube.
  
  The idea that ₀ planetary units are escaping from the ₀-s and flying through the ₀⁰-s is a colossal blunder! This would be a very tragical event for the ₀-s which are the building blocks of the cathode and the anode.
I could continue to enumerate the different discharging tubes for a long time. In this chapter, my goal is to briefly point out the extreme importance of the free atom _-1⁰. I find it more useful to explain the other kind of unstable _-1⁰. Anyway, we can explain all the observed electric, magnetic and electronic phenomena with the help of the unstable free atoms _-1⁰, and with some actions of the planetary units ₀. If somebody would find one phenomenon which I could not explain, then I will be obliged to scrap the whole Living Atom Theory. This is a general rule of the eternal jigsaw puzzle which we are playing by trying to understand Nature's mysteries.

The Inside Type Unstable _-1⁰-s

We should take a second look at Figure 03-03. It shows a very simple molecule with only two ⁰-s and only three ₀-s. Generally, molecules are much more complicated, and sometimes several hundred ₀-s are involved.
The intergravitational zones between the ₀-s are filled with unstable _-1⁰-s. They similarly must create some stabilising patterns, and such patterns are seriously considered by the directional organ ₀^b of the planetary globes ₀.
There is a kind of similarity between a ₀ and a free atom ₀⁰. However, the ₀ has the privilege to move in the space of the ₀, and it revolves around its sun on its orbit. This orbit and its plane are fixed in the space of the ₀. The directional organ of the ₀ has a strong tendency to orient the axis of the globe perpendicular to the orbit's plane. However, sometimes it finds a more favourable position by considering some strong stabilising patterns created around the ₀. This means a slight deviation of the ₀ axis.
Remark: I will never forget an interesting event in my life. My Physics professor at the university once told me that the deviation of the earth axis is observed by a cosmic "giant" as a kind of electric phenomenon. This strange idea was always a puzzle for me, and today I consider it as a strong inspiration.
Dealing with electricity, I was obliged to graph the ₀-s with the following special sign, . The arrow indicates that, similarly to the free atoms, the direction of the axis has vectorial characteristic. The deviation of the -s causes a special kind of "stress" in the elastic gravitational medium of the ₀. The average value of this stress is called "electric tension", and we can measure it with voltmeters.
This situation can be visualised if we consider just two elements on the outside surface of two molecules, as shown in Figure 03-12. In this sketch, there are two surface elements: ₁ and ₂. The shaded area indicates the inside of the molecules. (We can call it domain ₀.) Between the two elements, there is air or vacuum. (We can call it domain ₀⁰.)
It is interesting to note that this sketch works even if we consider two surface elements of rigid bodies. In several electric or electrostatic problems, the air can be considered as domain ₀⁰. The presence of some gas-molecules can be neglected.
Inside the molecules, there are stabilising loop patterns: ₁ and ₂, which are created by the inside type unstable _-1⁰-s. I call them "polarisation loops". In my writings, I often use the symbol for the polarisation loops, and the symbol for the discharging tube loops. Here, too, we have the whole series
_-n, ..., _-1, ₀, ₊₁, ..., _+n
and
_-n, ..., _-1, ₀, ₊₁, ..., _+n
The deviated can have only two kinds of positions. At the left, the arrow is oriented toward the medium ₀⁰, and at the right, the arrow is oriented toward the medium ₀. Then, we can say that the element ₁ is polarised (charged?) positively, and the element ₂ is polarised negatively. (It is up to us to choose which is positive or negative.)
In the sketch, we can see a stabilising loop _-2, created this time by unstable _-2⁰ free atoms. This loop acts like a stretched rubber band. It ties the two _-1-s together, and creates a pulling force between the two elements ₁ and ₂. It is easy to explain the pushing force if we invert the direction of one of the arrows .
Such an explanation of the "electrostatic" forces is far-reaching. Previously, I explained that the magnetic forces are created by unstable _-1⁰-s. Considering the difference between a _-1⁰ and _-2⁰, we can realise how much stronger a magnetic force can be compared to an electrostatic force.
Let us now suppose that the electrostatic pulling force works, and the distance between ₁ and ₂ diminishes. At a given time, the unstable _-1⁰-s in the domain ₀⁰ are following the _-1 polarising patterns, and a strong discharging tube is created between the polarised surfaces. This happens instantaneously. Then, the axis of ₀ () starts to vibrate. With the help of those vibrations, it reestablishes its perpendicular position to its orbit. This means the elimination of the electric tension, and we can say that the discharging tube really eliminates dangerous tensions in the ₀-s. We already know that the vibration of the -s creates heat.
Let us consider once again the situation where we artificially sustain such a discharge with vibrating ₀-s. In the electric technology, this situation is satisfactorily described with the well-known formula introduced by the German physicist George Ohm.
(Intensity) = (Electric tension) / (Resistance)
or
= /
For me, indicates the importance of _-1 discharging loops, indicates the importance of _-1 polarisation loops, and depends on the characteristics of the ₀^b which governs the gyroscopes . Huge is the variety of electric resistances because each ₀ has different characteristics.
Before finishing with the inside type unstable _-1⁰-s, I would like to mention that some of them form those loops which are tying the different molecules together. This time, even some outside type unstable _-1⁰-s are involved. The so-called "intermolecular forces" created by those loops are relatively weak in fluids, but they can be very strong in some rigid bodies. If we break a piece of steel, then we are tearing up those intermolecular loops.
Remark: We should not be surprised at the fact that _-1⁰-s are involved in so many natural phenomena. The number of _-1⁰-s is awesome! In a volume of 1 millimetre³, there are about 10¹⁰⁰ _-1⁰-s. The present Physics attributes a lot of different "rôles" for the hypothetical unit called "electron". Note that in a volume of 1 millimetre³ copper, there are only ~10²² electrons? This difference in numbers gives a huge advantage for the Living Atom Theory.
Maybe the most interesting work of the discharging tubes is in connection with the Radiations. According to the Living Atom Theory, we should classify as radiations all those phenomena where discharging tubes and subatomic ₀ particles are involved.

The Different Subatomic Particles

In order to understand the bottom line of the problem, I should analyse in detail the different ₀-s and _-n-s.
It is a laughing matter when confused scientists are always discovering more subatomic particles, and they often get a Nobel prize for such a discovery.
In reality, they are just observing the effects caused by the discharging tubes. Only the _-1 patterns are able to create measurable electric or electronic phenomena.
The variety of the ₀-s is infinite. This is similar to the matter ₊₁ in our solar system ₊₁. The variety is even increased by the fact that the ₀, like the ₊₁, can exist in gaseous, liquid and solid form. Furthermore, a ₀ molecule, like a ₊₁ molecule, can be polarised positively or negatively. Note that in this case, _-2 polarising loops are created by unstable _-2⁰-s, and _-1 planetary units are involved.
As for the dimensions, a molecular type ₀ is about 10^-32 metre, and the sun of the atom ₀ is about 10^-14 metre. Between those dimensions, an infinite number of subatomic fragments can exist.
In the radiations created by Nature, only insignificant little ₀-s are involved. Those radiations are harmless for the living ₊₁-s. In Chapter 09, I explain the harmful radiations which are generally created by human technology.

The Power of the _n Muscles

Now, I will explain the natural "mechanism" which creates the ₀-s involved in the radiations. This leads us to a delicate and sometimes controversial problem.
All _n living units of the universe create accelerations and forces with the help of their muscles. Some physicists and engineers can not liberate themselves from the idea of "energy balance", and they could ask the following question: What kind of energy can give the power for those muscles?
To answer this question, we should start to examine the behaviour of ₊₁ animals including the human being. We are eating food, drinking water and breathing air in order to sustain the work done by our muscles. Trying to balance the calorie of the food with the work done is misleading. It is much more precise to say that we have a kind of perfect natural "laboratory" in which we oblige the ₀^a organs of the ₀-s to reorganise their structures. Such reorganisation results in higher interatomic (₀^a) velocities (higher activity levels of the ₀^a-s). Our muscles are using the momentum values
|₀^a| x ₀^a
of those velocities to create accelerations and forces.
The chemical terminology would call this process "exothermic reaction". This name is not precise enough indeed. It takes much more than heat to function our muscles. Furthermore, the reorganisation of the ₀^a-s is followed by the reorganisations of
_-1^a-s, _-2^a-s, ..., _-n^a-s
and the chemical terms are valid only in our little world ₊₁.
We can state that the power of our muscles is "drawn" from an infinite big "source" of interatomic velocities created by the microcosm. All the _-n muscles in the universe are working similarly.
The ₀^a is a complex organism which is composed of a huge quantity of ₀-s. (This is like saying that a living human body is composed of a huge quantity of living cells.) During the process of reorganisation, the ₀^a is trying to keep the momentum value
|₀^a| x ₀^a
constant, and the velocity ₀^a can be increased only if the mass value |₀^a| decreases.
Remark: The momentum conservation principle is something more natural than the conservation of energy. Human technology is using the momentum conservation principle in the work of the jet engines.
Decreasing the value |₀^a| means the end of life for several ₀-s. This is a kind of transformation
₀ -> ₀
Such transformations occur in all "steps" of the atomic worlds. In our world ₊₁, a transformation
₊₁ -> ₊₁
means an end of life, a death. We should begin to realise that with each movement of our muscles, we are starting a mass killing process in the atomic worlds of the microcosm. A huge quantity of
₀-s, _-1-s, ..., _-n-s
are created in the heavy atoms
₀, _-1, ..., _-n
Those atomic "corpses" are soiling the life of the atom. A _n can not tolerate too many _n-s. It ejects them into the interatomic spaces.
This is a kind of cleaning job, and is similar to the transpiration of a human body. Thus, we can not wonder if a lot of
₀-s, _-1-s, ..., _-n-s
are "loitering" in the interatomic zones between the ₀-s and ₀⁰-s. Those zones are in our living space, and some ₀-s and _-n-s can directly affect our life.
Remark: It is obvious that the number of the ₀ and _-n "corpses" is constantly increasing as the life goes on. This is a kind of slow polluting process in which the whole universe is involved.
The universe is a living entity, too, and there is a lifetime for each living unit. Only the time is relative. The lifetime of the universe can probably be measured by several billion years. But for us, even 1000 years is an eternity.
It is true that the crazy human technology is very much accelerating the pollution process, but this is just a local phenomenon in our tiny planet ₊₁. If we continue to exaggerate with this artificial pollution, then Nature will find the method to eliminate the polluters, and the universe will continue its normal life without the homosapiens.
Now, I return to the problem of Radiations. We have ₀-s in the interatomic zones between the ₀⁰-s. Those zones are also filled with outside type unstable _-1⁰-s. This is a perfect occasion for stabilisation. The unstable free atoms encircle the ₀-s with _-1 patterns, and stable discharging tubes are created.
Let us visualise this situation in Figure 03-13. We see the different stabilising loops involved. Inside the ₀, there are polarisation loops _-2.
Here, I should remark that even in the case of a matter ₊₁, each molecule is more or less polarised. A perfect "electric" neutral situation does not exist in Nature. We just do not have voltmeters sensible enough to observe the polarisations.
We already know that the _-1 loops are tied together with _-2 loops in order to form stable discharging tubes. Then, we have, in the same arrangement, two different kinds of loops created by unstable free atoms _-2⁰. Such a pattern results in a force which obliges the ₀ to move inside the discharging tube in a direction depending on its polarisation.
A general rule is that if we have different stabilising loops tied to different units but composed of the same _n⁰ free atoms, then the interacting of the _n⁰ gyroscopes create real forces between those different units. Note that the forces making the electric motors function are created by the interacting _-1⁰ gyroscopes.
The radiation is a natural cleaning system which disperses some dangerously concentrated ₀-s equally in the space of the universe. Thus, the discharging tubes involved in the radiations could logically be called "dispersing tubes".
Human technology involuntarily imitated the natural dispersing system with a rudimentary device called "particle accelerator". The main difference is that this artificial device pollutes the environment instead of cleaning it!! The particle accelerator can exist only because of the scientific ignorance!!
Nature's dispersing system works even if some more important ₀ atomic fragments are ejected from the ₀-s. This time, we could compare the system to a kind of "revolver" gun with which we can play a "Russian Roulette" if we do not take the necessary precautions. The radiations easily traverse human tissues. Some ₀ fragments are accepted by the atoms of our cells, and this can cause irreparable damages to our organs. Besides, some radiations have very strong discharging tubes which can have the same effect as a strong electric discharge (current?) traversing a human body.
I should mention that the instruments, which measure the strength of a radiation, indicate only the strength of the discharging tube.
When the ₀ fragment is a part of a split and "killed" sun of the atom ₀, the resulting radiation is a real suicide machine for the whole humankind. This is just what happens when the greedy human technology is using the so-called "nuclear energy". We have some temporary protections against the short-term effects, but the long-term effects are lethal anyway. (For more details, see Chapter 09.)

The Odour Problem

Probably, the most surprising deduction which can be made with the help of the Living Atom Theory is in connection with the Odour problem.
Let us make the following deduction.
1. For a ₊₁ observer, radiation is created by ₀ fragments and _-1⁰ type discharging tubes.
2. For a ₀ observer, radiation is created by _-1 fragments and _-2⁰ type discharging tubes.
3. For a _-1 observer, radiation is created by _-2 fragments and _-3⁰ type discharging tubes.
Generally, for a _n observer, radiation is created by _n-1 fragments and _n-2⁰ type discharging tubes.
All those kinds of radiations are present in the interatomic zones between ₀-s and ₀⁰-s. But for us and other ₊₁ animals, only the first two kinds of radiations are important. We are affected by a primary ₀ type radiation and a secondary _-1 type radiation.
Nature equipped us with a special sense to evaluate the _-1 type secondary radiation. With our organ of smell, we evaluate the quantity and the quality of the _-1 "corpses". Thus, we are informed of the pollution level inside a matter or a molecule ₊₁. After all, such a molecule can easily become a part of our body.
At first view, it seems bizarre that we can not evaluate directly the primary ₀ type radiation. For me, this is the best proof of the fact that the natural ₀ radiations are absolutely harmless for the ₊₁-s. Nature's creations are very logical. We are equipped with senses in order to evaluate the dangers around us.
Remark: Some ₊₁ animals are equipped to evaluate ₀ type radiations. For them, this is a necessity. Fish at the bottom of the sea are oriented by a natural "radar" system which works with ₀ type radiations.
Dealing with the odour problem, we should state that all matters, molecules ₊₁ and living cells ₊₁ are smelling because _-1 corpses are continuously created by the living units ₀. There are just more or less perfect noses to smell the odours.
I often meditated by asking the question: Why does the science of Physics not deal with the odour phenomenon? However, for the ₊₁ animals, the sense of smell is as important as the sight, the hearing or the heat-sensing organ. Today, I have the right answer. The physicists did not have the guts to consider the odour as a form of energy!! Unfortunately, they did the same with most of the common phenomena, and they introduced confusions in natural sciences.
It is regrettable that in the modern times, our smelling sense gets dangerously degenerated. Numerous are the enemies of our noses. Most of them are intentionally created by human science and technology in order to cheat our smelling sense. For example, let us just mention the deodorisers, the different perfumes and the preserving ingredients used by the food industry.
Today, the urban dwellers are obliged to judge the quality of the food by the chemical formulae written on the labels. The chemical science is sometimes useful, but it is very rudimentary to judge the quality of food. There is a huge difference between a ₂ molecule and another ₂ molecule!!
The deterioration of our smelling sense is one of the principal reasons why the 5 billion human beings on our ₊₁ planet should rather be called "5 billion sick persons". We all became standard customers for the medical and pharmaceutical business.