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The Nigerian Letter Scam starts with a letter from Nigeria that offers get-rich-quick schemes. The key elements of the Nigerian letter are "URGENT" and "CONFIDENTIAL". The scam is also referred to as "Advance Fee Fraud", "The Fax Scam", and "419 Fraud" (Four-One-Nine) after the relevant section of the Criminal Code of Nigeria.
The letter starts with a "REQUEST FOR URGENT BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP" from a Nigerian claiming to be a genuine senior civil servant who discovered over-invoiced contracts. The "official" claims that the Nigerian government overpaid on some procurement contracts, and asks an "overseas partner" for assistance in transferring millions of dollars of excess money out of Nigeria into a foreign account.
Initially, the "overseas partner" is asked to provide a company letterhead and an invoice to be used to get approval from the Central Bank of Nigeria so that the money can be safely transferred. The "overseas partner" is supposed to receive a percentage cut of the funds once the transfer is complete.
At some point, the "overseas partner" is asked to pay up front a fee in the form of an "Advance Fee", "Transfer Tax", "Performance Bond", etc. If the "overseas partner" pays the fee, "100% safe" transaction is suddenly in jeopardy and there are many "complications" which require still more advance payments!
If you click the hyperlink above, you can read not only the original letter of proposal, but message after message of real correspondence with an innocent victim every step of the way. You will be amazed to see how enticing these con artists are! You will learn the psychology of seduction, which is better than any marketing textbooks :-).